Benjamin Franklin
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Gosta Florman (1831-1900) / The Royal Library, photograph made prior to 1896 · Smithsonian Institution Libraries (Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, "Scientific Identity" collection), via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Trait Constellation
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Sources
- Alfred Nobel
- Alfred Nobel (Q23810)
- "Alfred Nobel", EBSCO Research Starters -- reference-encyclopedia account documenting the 1864 Heleneborg explosion (killed five including brother Emil), Nobel's continued explosives work afterward, his patent-licensing structure (equity share in each foreign factory instead of royalties), and the 1895 will's beneficiary language. Fetched and read directly.
- "Nobel Patents Dynamite", EBSCO Research Starters -- same editorial/institutional source as src_nobel_ebsco_general, treated as one independent perspective, not two. Documents the kieselguhr stabilization chemistry, the forced relocation to a floating barge laboratory on Lake Malaren after the Heleneborg explosion, the 1867/1868 UK and US patents, and the 90-plus-factories/20-country international manufacturing strategy driven by explosive-transport restrictions. Fetched and read directly.
- Linda Hall Library, "Scientist of the Day: Alfred Nobel" -- independent institutional (science history library) account confirming the 1864 explosion forced the firm out of Stockholm, the kieselguhr stabilization discovery, and Nobel's practice of setting up laboratories and factories across Stockholm, Paris, Germany, and Italy while working the nitroglycerin-stabilization problem. Fetched and read directly.
- "Alfred Nobel", famousscientists.org -- biographical reference account independently confirming the 1864 Heleneborg explosion's five deaths (including Emil), that Nobel 'worked 18 hour days, personally performing hundreds of experiments' at Heleneborg, and quoting Nobel's own stated ratio for his experimental practice ('If I come up with 300 ideas in a year, and only one of them is useful, I am content'). The 18-hour-days/hundreds-of-experiments claim is this source's own independent (non-self) account; the 300-ideas figure is self-testimony, capped accordingly and used only as corroborating color, not as this row's primary support. Fetched and read directly.
- Kathy Loves Physics, "The Merchant of Death" -- a critical historiographical analysis fetched and read directly to verify the credibility of the 1888 premature-obituary story per this research brief's own instruction. Confirms the real, corroborated event (Le Figaro, 15 April 1888, mistakenly printed on Alfred's death after brother Ludvig's actual death, reading 'A man who can not very easily pass for a benefactor of humanity died yesterday ... Mr. Nobel, inventor of dynamite,' corrected the next day; corroborated by a contemporary letter from Juliette Adam-Lambert), but traces the specific, widely-repeated 'merchant of death' phrase and its causal link to the 1895 will to Nicholas Halasz's uncited 1959 biography, with the phrase itself not appearing in print anywhere for the 43 years after 1888. NOT used to support any scored row -- see provenance.
- NobelPrize.org (The Nobel Foundation), "Bertha von Suttner" -- the awarding institution's own historical account of Nobel's multi-year correspondence and friendship with peace activist Bertha von Suttner and his dated 7 January 1893 letter to her proposing a five-year peace-prize fund. NobelPrize.org returned HTTP 403 on every direct-fetch attempt this cycle (a live access problem, not a decision to skip it); the specific quoted text used here was read via search-result excerpts that reproduce this page's own wording, not a full direct read -- the same access-limited citation discipline this project's Gauss file already applied to a different repeatedly-blocked source. Confidence on the one row resting on this is held moderate accordingly.
- Ganga Library Inc., reproduction of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will -- a secondary online reproduction (not the original archival scan) of the will's text, confirming it was signed 27 November 1895 in Paris, its five prize categories and their administering bodies, and the explicit clause that 'no consideration be given to the nationality of the candidates.' Fetched and read directly.