Ibn al-Haytham

Conducted controlled experiments using a camera obscura and other purpose-built apparatus to test hypotheses about light and vision, among the earliest documented systematic uses of the experimental method, described in his own Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manazir, c. 1021).

Rejected the prevailing extramission theory of vision -- that the eye emits rays -- in favor of an evidence-based intromission theory, directly contradicting both Euclid's and Ptolemy's established authority and defending the position with his own experimental evidence.

Developed the pinhole-camera (camera obscura) as a research instrument to study light propagation, within a comprehensive theoretical framework unifying geometrical optics, the physiology of the eye, and the psychology of visual perception.

Reportedly feigned madness for years while under house arrest after failing to deliver on a Nile-flood-control engineering promise made to the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim, continuing substantial scientific work during his prolonged confinement.

Continuing substantial scientific work through a prolonged, dangerous confinement is the basis for the profile's resourcefulness score. Resourcefulness

Shifted from an ambitious engineering proposal for Nile flood control to sustained theoretical and experimental optics work once the practical project proved unworkable -- the redirection that produced the Book of Optics.

Redirecting from a failed practical engineering proposal into a sustained, different research program is the basis for the profile's adaptability score. Adaptability