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Jacques-Louis David, 1788 · Metropolitan Museum of Art (accession 1977.10), via Wikimedia Commons · Public Domain (PD-old-100-expired / PD-Art)
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출처
- Antoine Lavoisier -- orientation only, not used as scored evidence for any row
- "Revolutionary Instruments: Lavoisier's Tools as Objets d'Art," Science History Institute (sciencehistory.org) -- independent institutional account, opened and read in full, describing his measurement practice (weighing gases in glass balloons "with the most scrupulous exactitude," applying corrections for temperature, pressure, and incomplete evacuation) and his stated dual-proof standard (never satisfied without both analytic and synthetic proof of a result); also documents Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier's role illustrating ~170 pieces of lab equipment, finely drawn to scale, for the Traite.
- "Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier," Science History Institute scientific biography (sciencehistory.org/education) -- independent institutional account, opened and read in full, describing his balance-sheet/conservation-of-mass method ("carefully weigh all components in a chemical reaction, including the gasses"), the specific episode of repeating Priestley's isolation of "vital air" and reinterpreting the result against phlogiston theory (oxygen combining with a metal to increase its mass, rather than phlogiston being lost), his Arsenal laboratory's organized, industrial-scale character, and the deliberate theory-laden design of the reformed chemical nomenclature.
- "Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier: the invisible assistant," Chemistry World -- independent press account, opened and read in full, non-self and behavioral: quotes historian Patricia Fara ("Her handwriting was all over the laboratory notebooks"; she was "ordering in stock, writing out the results of the experiments"), documents Marie-Anne's translation of Kirwan's phlogiston essay with a critical preface, and documents the couple hosting structured recurring scientific gatherings ("Each Saturday devoted to science") at the Arsenal -- describing how the Lavoisier laboratory actually operated, not Lavoisier's own self-testimony.
- "Lavoisier's Modern System of Chemical Nomenclature," EBSCO Research Starters -- independent reference account, opened and read in full, non-self and behavioral: documents that Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau, Berthollet, and Fourcroy "met almost daily" from 1786 through 1787 to reform chemical nomenclature, "collected information, consulted with other scientists, and read extensively" (including Condillac's La Logique), culminating in an April 17, 1787 paper read before the Academy of Sciences and the joint book Methode de nomenclature chimique.