제인 구달
93% 프로필 일치도
Unknown engraver, frontispiece in Jesse Page, Samuel Crowther (New York, 1888) · Engraved frontispiece portrait of Crowther with his autograph dated 19 October 1888 in Jesse Page, 'Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy who became Bishop of the Niger' (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1888), Internet Archive scan from Princeton Theological Seminary Library (copyright status listed as not in copyright). Engraver not named on the page. Published in the United States in 1888, so public domain on age grounds. Cropped from the 1701 x 2750 page scan and downscaled to 785 x 1200 (page crop about 1360 x 2080); no upscaling. The Wikimedia Commons copy of the same plate is a 509 x 776 crop. · Public domain (published in the United States in 1888)
핵심 특성
주요 업적
1864년 그는 캔터베리에서 니제르 지역 주교로 성직 수임을 받았으며, 『아프리카 기독교 인명사전』은 그를 성공회 최초의 아프리카인 주교라고 설명한다. 그는 아프리카인 성직자와 대부제들과 함께 교회선교회의 니제르 선교를 이끌었다.
그는 1842년 귀국 항해 중 요루바어 문법과 어휘집을 준비했고, 수십 년 동안 성경을 요루바어로 번역했으며, 요루바어 성경은 1880년대에 출간되었다.
그는 1841년, 1854년, 1857년의 니제르 탐사에 참여했으며 사전은 그 일지를 그의 학문적 기여로 꼽는다. 1890년 아프리카인 동료들에 대한 비난 끝에 사임을 강요받았으나, 선교회 위원회는 그에게 책임이 없다고 판단했다.
삶의 장면들
1857년 그베베에서 그는 지역 말람들의 관습대로 갈라디마의 현관 홀에 앉아 요한복음 3장을 하우사어로 읽고 이보어 입문서로 글자를 가르쳤으며 갈라디마에게 아랍어 성경을 선물했다.
이는 가르치는 방식을 현지의 관습과 언어에 맞추려 했던 태도와 부합한다. 적응력
1842년 영국으로 돌아가는 항해 중 그는 번역에 몰두하여 요루바어 문법과 어휘집을 준비했다.
이는 언어를 익히고 기록하는 일에 대한 꾸준하고 자발적인 관심과 부합한다. 숙련 지향
전환점
1890년 그의 아프리카인 동료들에 대한 비난이 교회선교회에 전달된 뒤 그는 주교직 사임을 강요받았다. 사전은 그가 이 비난에 맞서려는 노력을 거의 하지 않았다고 전한다.
이는 조용한 성품 탓에 동료와 자신의 권위를 방어하는 데 소극적이었음과 부합한다. 사회적 적극성
비슷한 인물
전체적인 프로필이 이 사람과 닮은 사람들이에요.
출처
- Ajayi Crowther (Q2662556), verified live via the Wikidata API (2026-10-30): label 'Ajayi Crowther', description 'Yoruba linguist and the first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria (1809-1891)'; birth statements 1806, 1807 and 1809, death 1891-12-31; no Korean label. Orientation only; not used as support for any row.
- Wikipedia, 'Samuel Ajayi Crowther', read in full for orientation (born c. 1809, died 31 December 1891; Yoruba grammar and vocabulary, Igbo and Nupe primers, consecration 1864). It does not mention the 1890 resignation. Orientation only; never counted as a source for any row.
- Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen, 'Crowther, Samuel Ajayi', Dictionary of African Christian Biography (reproduced from the Dictionary of African Historical Biography, University of California Press, 1986), read in full. CANONICAL SIGNIFICANCE SOURCE: scholarly reference entry that calls him the first African bishop of the Anglican church, explorer and missionary, notes his Niger expedition journals and Yoruba language study, and describes how he lost control of his diocese in the 1880s and was forced to resign in 1890. Independent of the CMS and cathedral sources; the one source here that is critical of his supervision. Its ordination year (1845) conflicts with Page and the Dictionary of National Biography (1843) and its bibliography has misspellings; the 1843 date is used.
- Jesse Page, 'Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy who became Bishop of the Niger' (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1888), Internet Archive scans from Princeton Theological Seminary Library and the University of Toronto, text read for the 1841 and 1857 Niger voyages, the Yoruba grammar and Bible translation, Abeokuta, the preface and the frontispiece. An insider, admiring and devotional biography written with Crowther's own help (the author read the proofs to him); the preface says he disapproved of praise. Used for dated episodes and for quotations from Crowther's journals only.
- A. R. Buckland, 'Crowther, Samuel Adjai', Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement (Wikisource transcription), read in full: a short Victorian entry giving his capture in 1821, Sierra Leone, the 1841 expedition, ordination in 1843, the Niger expeditions and consecration in 1864, and noting difficulties in the administration of the native church towards the end. Gives his death as 1892, which is wrong (1891 elsewhere). Brief; cited by pointer to CMS sources.
- Eugene Stock, 'The History of the Church Missionary Society', vol. 3 (London, 1899), chapter 89 'West Africa and the Niger' (pp. 383-397), Internet Archive scan, read: the Society's own official history of the Niger Mission crisis of the late 1880s and 1890, the Madeira Conference, the 1891 Committee report, the Delta Pastorate's independence and an obituary appreciation of Crowther. A CMS insider account, sympathetic to Crowther yet says he exercised discipline too lightly; it does not narrate his resignation.
- Rochester Cathedral, 'Bishop Samuel Adjai Crowther (c. 1809-1881)' [sic], Black History Month 2022 talk from the notes of a descendant, read in full: a congregational retelling of capture, baptism, ordination, Badagry and Abeokuta, the 1864 consecration and the 1890 resignation, quoting Archbishop Welby on prejudiced missionaries. Admiring, family-sourced and carries a date slip in its title; used for corroboration only.
- Anglican Communion News Service, 'Canterbury remembers Crowther' (4 July 2014, reproducing the Church Times report), read in full: reports the thanksgiving service for the 150th anniversary of his consecration and states he was forced to resign in 1890 after accusations were made to the CMS about the missionaries working with him, even though the CMS committee exculpated him. Short news item.
- Place for Truth, 'Samuel Crowther - The First African Anglican Bishop', read in full: a popular church-history article covering his Yoruba Vocabulary, Henry Venn's plan for an indigenous church, his relations with local rulers, and the accusations by a younger missionary party led by Graham Wilmot Brooke. Evangelical popular source, unsigned in the version read; used for corroboration of dates and of the critical episode.