

Burnet Reading, etching of John Harrison, 1788 (European Magazine, published by John Sewell); KU Leuven Libraries, Public Domain Mark 1.0, cropped from the original · KU Leuven Libraries (Catholic University of Leuven), print 'John Harrison' (catalogue record 9983674930101488; Europeana item 2024903/photography_ProvidedCHO_KU_Leuven_9983674930101488): etching by Burnet Reading (1749/50-1838), published by John Sewell, Cornhill, on 1 September 1788 for the European Magazine, inscribed 'JOHN HARRISON Esqr. / Inventor of the Time Keeper', image 126 x 97 mm; the record supplied by KU Leuven in Europeana states the Public Domain Mark 1.0, the display fields of KU Leuven's own catalogue record show no copyright or reuse statement, and the Wikimedia Commons file 'John Harrison, PA07931.jpg' (original 1220 x 1931 pixels, uploaded 22 May 2025) is tagged public domain with the same mark. The print does not name the portrait it follows and was made twelve years after Harrison's death. Cropped to the oval portrait (1000 x 1200 pixels), not resized and never upscaled. · Public Domain Mark 1.0 (KU Leuven record via Europeana; 1788 etching by an engraver who died in 1838)
발명가 · 근세
존 해리슨
1693–1776
주요 업적 분야
아직 성격 매칭에 포함되지 않았습니다 — 기록된 근거가 성격 모델 전체를 다루기에는 충분하지 않습니다. 이 페이지의 다른 모든 내용은 자유롭게 확인하실 수 있습니다.
핵심 특성
주요 업적
목수 출신으로 독학으로 시계 제작을 익힌 해리슨은 바다에서 경도를 알아내기 위한 해상 시계를 잇달아 만들었다. 1730년부터 1735년 사이에 H1을 만들었고, 이어 H2와 H3를, 1759년에는 회중시계 크기의 H4를 완성했다. 1764년 바베이도스 항해 시험에서 H4는 1714년 경도법이 정한 가장 엄격한 오차 범위 안에서 시간을 유지했고, 그리니치 왕립박물관은 그의 해상 시계들이 어쩌면 지금까지 만들어진 가장 중요한 시계일 것이라고 소개한다.
1720년대 중반 그는 정밀한 롱케이스 시계를 설계했는데, 그리니치 왕립박물관은 이 시계들이 한 달에 1초 이내의 정확도를 냈다고 설명한다. 또 H3에는 바이메탈과 케이지 롤러 베어링이 들어갔는데, 박물관은 이 둘이 지금도 온도조절기와 기계공학에 쓰인다고 말한다. 과학박물관 그룹의 연표에 따르면 왕립학회는 1749년 그의 실험적 연구에 코플리 금메달을 수여했다.
1764년의 시험 뒤 경도위원회는 최고 보상금의 절반만 지급했고, 케임브리지 대학 도서관의 설명에 따르면 H4의 제작 방법을 공개하고 복제품을 만들어야 한다는 조건이 붙었다. 해리슨은 국왕 조지 3세에게 호소했고 나머지 대부분은 1773년에 지급되었다. 라컴 켄들이 만든 H4의 첫 복제품은 제임스 쿡 선장의 두 번째 항해에 실렸고, 위원회 문서는 이 복제품이 매우 정확했으며 쿡과 그의 천문학자 윌리엄 웨일스가 극찬했다고 전한다.
삶의 장면들
해리슨은 리스본 시험 뒤 약속한 2년 안에 H2를 완성했지만, 근본적인 결함을 발견하고 바다에서 시험하는 것을 끝내 허락하지 않았다. 그 뒤 1740년에 H3를 시작해 거의 19년 동안 수많은 수정과 조정을 거듭했는데, 두 개의 커다란 균형바퀴가 시간을 충분히 정확하게 유지하도록 만들 수 없었기 때문이다.
자기 작업에 높은 기준을 적용한 발명가의 모습과 일치하지만, 두 일화 모두 한 박물관의 설명이고 문제 자체의 난이도가 작업이 길어진 이유일 수도 있다. 완벽주의
1767년 해리슨은 위원회를 겨냥한 『존 해리슨 씨의 사례』를 펴내고, 달 거리법을 밀기 위해 자신의 보상금을 위태롭게 만든다고 의심한 네빌 매스켈린을 공격하는 소책자도 냈는데, 케임브리지의 한 학자는 이 소책자를 독설에 가깝다고 평한다. 같은 해 매스켈린은 그리니치 시험에서 H4에 불리했던 결과를 공표했고, 샌드위치 경에게 보낸 그의 편지에는 그 공격이 자신에게 영향을 주었으며 그런 모욕은 반박할 가치가 없다고 보아 답변을 내지 않기로 했다는 내용이 있다.
긴 기간 위원회와 경쟁자를 상대로 공개적으로 맞선 인물의 모습과 일치하지만, 자료에는 해리슨이 분명히 느낀 억울함과 함께 위원회와 천문대장 쪽의 나름의 이유도 함께 나타난다. 갈등 감내
전환점
1750년대 초 해리슨은 이미 10년 넘게 H3에 매달렸지만 두 개의 큰 균형바퀴를 충분히 정확하게 만들지 못했다. 박물관이 1751~1753년경으로 추정하는 시기에 존 제프리스가 해리슨의 설계로 만든 회중시계가 매우 잘 작동하자, 그는 해법이 더 작은 시계에 있음을 깨달았다. 그는 1755년 H4에 착수해 1759년에 완성했고, H4는 1761년 자메이카 항해 시험에 올랐다.
수년을 들인 형태를 버리고 해법의 형태를 바꾼 발명가의 모습과 일치하지만, 이 설명은 한 박물관에서 나왔고 해리슨 부자는 이후 위원회의 조건에 대해서는 자신들의 해석을 굳게 지켰다. 입장 수정 성향
비슷한 인물
전체적인 프로필이 이 사람과 닮은 사람들이에요.
출처
- John Harrison (Q314335) -- verified live via the Wikidata API (2026-10-16): English label 'John Harrison', description 'British clockworker', born 24 March 1693 at Foulby (Yorkshire), died 24 March 1776 in London, citizenship Kingdom of Great Britain, occupations including clockmaker, watchmaker, inventor and designer, Korean label present. Orientation only; not used as support for any row.
- Royal Museums Greenwich, 'Longitude found: the story of Harrison's timekeepers' (Royal Observatory story page) -- CANONICAL SIGNIFICANCE SOURCE: the museum's account of Harrison as a carpenter self-taught in clockmaking who designed precision longcase clocks in the mid-1720s said to reach an accuracy of a second in a month; his aim of a portable clock within three seconds a day; his approach to Halley and George Graham; H1 (built at Barrow upon Humber, shown in London in 1735, tried on the 1736 Lisbon voyage, with the Commissioners' 1737 award of 500 pounds); H2 (never tested because he found a fundamental flaw) and H3 (19 years of work and many adjustments); the watch with a new balance made by John Jefferys and H4; the 1761 Jamaica trial; the Board's decision that the test was not sufficient and his supporters' campaign of newspaper articles and pamphlets; the 1764 Barbados trial, the 1765 recommendation of 10,000 pounds with the other half conditional on others being able to make similar timekeepers, and the Harrisons' view that the rules had been changed; Maskelyne's ten-month Greenwich test of 1766-67 and Harrison's challenge to its results; the commissioners' wish to publish against Harrison's wish to protect his methods; and the compensation eventually granted by Parliament. Sympathetic museum narrative that nevertheless gives the Board's reasons (rival lunar and Jupiter methods, the need to show the watch was not a one-off); the shop and gallery promotion was not used. Read in full.
- Royal Museums Greenwich, 'John Harrison's marine timekeepers' (Royal Observatory attraction page) -- short promotional statement that the timekeepers are arguably the most important ever made, that they let ships determine longitude at sea, that H1 to H4 were developed over his lifetime and that they compensate for temperature and run without lubrication through anti-friction devices. Promotional museum copy, used only for the card's attributed 'arguably' statement. Read in full.
- Royal Museums Greenwich, collection record 'H3' (marine timekeeper, ZAA0036) -- the museum's statement that H3 was started in 1740, took nearly 19 years to build and adjust, did not win the prize because Harrison could not persuade its two large heavy circular balances to keep time well enough, and nevertheless incorporated the bimetallic strip and the caged roller bearing, both still relevant today. Short admiring catalogue entry. Read in full.
- Royal Museums Greenwich, collection record 'H4' (marine timekeeper, ZAA0037) -- 'Harrison's prize-winning longitude watch, completed in 1759': he had been improving watches as a sideline to H3, a pocket watch made to his design by John Jefferys in 1753 went so well that he realised the longitude solution lay in smaller watches, and work on H4 began in 1755, with a very stable high-frequency balance. Short catalogue entry (the museum's story page dates the Jefferys commission to about 1751-52). Read in full.
- Science Museum Group Collection, people record 'John Harrison 1693-1776' (horologist and clock-maker) -- institutional timeline: 1713 earliest extant clock, 1726 first heard of the 1714 Longitude Act, 1735 H1, 1736 Lisbon voyage, 1739 H2 after the Board's 500 pounds, 1749 awarded the Royal Society's Copley gold medal for his experimental work, 1759 H3, 1760 H4 and the 1761 Jamaica trial. Short timeline whose dates for H3 and H4 differ from the Royal Museums Greenwich records; used only for the 1749 Copley medal. Read in full.
- Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, Museum Collection page, entry 'Marine Timekeeper known as H5 by John Harrison and Son 1770' -- the Company's statement that H5 is mechanically very similar to the prize-winning H4, is the fifth and last timekeeper he produced as part of the Longitude Reward, was completed when he was 77, and was personally tested by King George III at his observatory in Richmond, which helped secure him the last part of his prize money. Short museum-collection text by the livery company whose museum holds H5. Read in full.
- Linda Hall Library, 'Scientist of the Day: John Harrison' (William B. Ashworth Jr., 24 March 2017) -- independent library biography: the 1714 reward of up to 20,000 pounds, a series of clocks that kept time on long voyages, H4's 1761 Jamaica trial (5 seconds slow on arrival) after which the Board claimed a fluke and demanded a second trial, the 1764 Barbados result, a partial payment of 10,000 pounds on top of 4,315 pounds of advances, the demand that he hand over his clocks and the Board's publication of 'The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Timekeeper' (1767), the appeal to King George III and the final payment of 8,750 pounds by Parliament in 1773, and the remark that the official prize was never awarded. Short independent library biography, admiring but factual. Read in full.
- Cambridge University Library, ArchiveSearch, 'Papers of the Board of Longitude, 1605-1830' (RGO 14), scope note and historical background -- archival description of the 1714 Act and the Board, the strict sliding scale of rewards, the Board's first recorded meeting in 1737 with its award of 250 pounds to Harrison after the Lisbon trial, further payments that let him continue, the 1761-62 Jamaica and 1764 Barbados trials of H4 and the Board's refusal to accept either as sufficient, the payment of only half the reward on condition that he disclose the construction and that copies be made, Larcum Kendall's copy K1 taken on Captain Cook's second voyage and praised by Cook and William Wales, Harrison's appeal to King George III before the majority of the rest was agreed in 1773, and the observation that the dispute eclipsed much of the Board's other work while the lunar method developed as the serious rival. Authoritative archival description from a university library, read to the end of the Harrison narrative (the later paragraphs on the Board's post-1774 work were skimmed and not used).
- Cambridge Digital Library, 'National Maritime Museum Manuscripts: Sandwich Papers', commentary by Katy Barrett (University of Cambridge) on letters of the 1770s -- scholarly commentary on how the Board of Longitude's commissioners dealt with Harrison: that by the 1770s H4 had been found to meet the 1714 Act's limits but the commissioners wanted proof it could be replicated, Harrison's 1767 publication 'The Case of Mr. John Harrison' and his 'vitriolic' pamphlet against Maskelyne, his letters to Lord Sandwich saying he was old and unjustly treated, that more watches were unnecessary and that he was denied access to H4, his conviction that Maskelyne was jeopardising his reward to promote the lunar method, Maskelyne's 1767 publications of the watch's principles and of the negative Greenwich results, and Maskelyne's own letter showing he was affected by the attacks and had dropped a reply. Scholarly archival commentary giving both sides; Harrison's own words reach it only as described and quoted by the author, so they count as self. Read in full.
- Simon Schaffer, 'Chronometers, charts, charisma: on histories of longitude', Science Museum Group Journal, Autumn 2014 (published 8 October 2014; DOI 10.15180/140203) -- essay by a Cambridge professor of the history of science: Harrison's sea clocks as now widely reckoned the most important timekeepers ever constructed, the 'comforting plot' of lone heroism victimised by authority and the need to add the wider craft, administrative and trade networks, Jonathan Betts's 2008-09 repair of H1 showing that parts were made by other skilled artisans, that relations between Harrison and the Board were warm and supportive until the 1760s, Rebekah Higgitt's finding that there was no 'Longitude Prize' as such in the 18th century, that astronomical and horological methods were treated as complementary, and that Harrison received the largest single share of the Board's rewards, about a third of its spending in all. Independent scholarly framing, sceptical of the heroic story; it is a discussion essay about the museum's research project, not a biography, and was read in full.
- Royal Museums Greenwich, 'Longitude found: Nevil Maskelyne and the lunar method' (story page) -- the museum's counter-voice: Harrison long portrayed as the plucky underdog, which has tarnished the reputation of Maskelyne; the lunar-distance method (Mayer's tables, John Bird's sextant, Maskelyne's 1761 St Helena test and his Nautical Almanac) as the other route to longitude, and that marine timekeepers stayed rare and expensive for decades while navigators used all methods. Short museum story, read in full.
- Europeana record for the KU Leuven Libraries (Catholic University of Leuven) print 'John Harrison' -- etching by Burnet Reading, published by John Sewell in London on 1 September 1788 (the European Magazine), image 126 x 97 mm, inscribed 'JOHN HARRISON Esqr. / Inventor of the Time Keeper'; the record supplied by KU Leuven states the Public Domain Mark 1.0. Read through Europeana's public record API (the web page itself returns HTTP 403 to non-browser requests) together with KU Leuven's own library catalogue record and the Wikimedia Commons file 'John Harrison, PA07931.jpg'; opened to check the portrait's licence, creator and date. Not used for any scoring.





