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Gottlieb Biermann, 1887, after the 1840 original portrait by Christian Albrecht Jensen · Gauss-Gesellschaft Gottingen e.V. (photo: A. Wittmann), via Wikimedia Commons · Public Domain (PD-old-100; painted 1887, artist Gottlieb Biermann died 1908)
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- Carl Friedrich Gauss
- Carl Friedrich Gauss (Q6722)
- MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews), "Carl Friedrich Gauss" -- scholarly biographical account covering his Gottingen Observatory directorship (1807-1855), the Hanover geodesic survey (1820-1844) and heliotrope invention, the Gauss-Weber telegraph, and his publication habits. Fetched and read directly.
- MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews), "Sophie Germain" -- scholarly account of Germain's correspondence with Gauss under the pseudonym 'M LeBlanc,' the 1806/07 Braunschweig incident, and Gauss's documented reaction on learning her identity, with direct quotations from their letters. Fetched and read directly. Same authorial/institutional source as src_gauss_mactutor_gauss and src_gauss_mactutor_bolyai -- treated as one independent perspective across all three MacTutor pages, not three.
- MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews), "Janos Bolyai" -- scholarly account of Gauss's 1832 letter to Farkas Bolyai on receiving Janos's non-Euclidean geometry Appendix, with direct quotation ('To praise it would amount to praising myself...'). Fetched and read directly. Same MacTutor source as above.
- Engineering and Technology History Wiki (IEEE), "Wilhelm Eduard Weber" -- independent institutional account of Weber's 1831 Gottingen appointment (on Gauss's recommendation), the 1833 Gauss-Weber electromagnetic telegraph, and their co-founded Magnetischer Verein and jointly-compiled Atlas of Geomagnetism. Fetched and read directly.
- National MagLab, Magnet Academy, "Gauss-Weber Telegraph -- 1833" -- independent institutional museum account confirming the telegraph's construction, purpose, and the observatory-to-physics-institute wire link. Fetched and read directly.
- G. Waldo Dunnington, Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science (Mathematical Association of America, 2004 reissue of the 1955 original) -- academic biography's direct quotations of Gauss's own letters on teaching, dated and addressed to three separate named correspondents (Heinrich Olbers, 26 Oct 1802; Heinrich Schumacher, 2 Oct 1808; Friedrich Bessel, 4 Dec 1808). Read via a dedicated science-quotations compilation that reproduces Dunnington's cited text and page numbers directly (todayinsci.com), not the full biography volume.
- Brian Hayes, "Gauss's Day of Reckoning," American Scientist -- press/scholarly examination of the credibility of the famous sum-1-to-100 schoolboy anecdote, concluding Sartorius von Waltershausen's 1856 memorial biography 'never mentions the numbers 1 through 100, or any other specific series, and gives no hint of how Gauss solved the problem,' i.e. the vivid, specific modern version is a later embellishment. NOT used to support any scored row -- see provenance notes. The live page returned repeated HTTP 503 errors on three direct-fetch attempts; read via search-result excerpts that reproduce specific quoted text from the article, not the full article.