

Photo: Bettina Katzenstein, circa 1946, ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv, Portr_01042, CC BY-SA 4.0 (cropped and downscaled; changes passed on under the same licence) · ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv, Portr_01042 (E-Pics Bildarchiv, DOI 10.3932/ethz-a-000045505): portrait photograph of Wolfgang Pauli by Bettina Katzenstein, circa 1946, silver gelatin print 12.5 x 18 cm, as published by the ETH-Bibliothek itself on Wikimedia Commons ('ETH-BIB-Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)-Portr 01042.tif', uploaded 22 February 2021 by the account ETH-Bibliothek, 2556 x 3643 pixels, the largest file available; it is also the source of Wikidata's image for him). Rights: the file carries CC BY-SA 4.0 as released by the ETH-Bibliothek, and the ETH-Bibliothek's image-archive terms of use say that images under CC BY-SA 4.0 are those whose usage rights lie entirely with the ETH-Bibliothek, may be used for all purposes with credit, and must be passed on under the same terms if changed. The image's own E-Pics record could not be read (a JavaScript application), so no conflicting notice there could be checked; none appears on the terms page or the Commons page. The print's white border was removed by cropping (2470 x 3555 pixels from the original) and the result downscaled once to 834 x 1200 (never upscaled); the photographer's signature on the print remains visible at lower right. It shows him in a dark suit and tie with a direct, serious gaze. · CC BY-SA 4.0
물리학자 · 20세기
볼프강 파울리
1900–1958
주요 업적 분야
아직 성격 매칭에 포함되지 않았습니다 — 기록된 근거가 성격 모델 전체를 다루기에는 충분하지 않습니다. 이 페이지의 다른 모든 내용은 자유롭게 확인하실 수 있습니다.
핵심 특성
주요 업적
1925년 파울리는 배타 원리를 정립했다. 원자 속의 어떤 두 전자도 같은 양자수 조합을 가질 수 없다는 이 규칙에는 새로운 이중값 양자수가 필요했고, 이 규칙은 원자의 전자껍질 구조를 설명해 준다. 노벨재단은 '배타 원리의 발견'으로 그에게 1945년 노벨 물리학상을 수여했고, 옥스퍼드의 한 물리학자는 이 규칙이 주기율표와 물질의 안정성을 이해하는 데 결정적이라고 평한다. 다만 파울리 자신은 이 규칙이 왜 성립하는지 설명할 수 없다고 인정했다.
1930년 12월 파울리는 튀빙겐에 모인 물리학자들에게 보낸 공개 편지('친애하는 방사능 신사 숙녀 여러분')에서 베타 붕괴의 연속적인 에너지 스펙트럼을 설명할 '필사적인 해결책'을 제안했다. 전자와 함께 방출되는 전기적으로 중성이고 스핀이 1/2인 입자를 가정해 에너지 보존 법칙을 지키자는 것이었다. 노벨재단의 약력은 그를 훗날 중성미자라고 불리게 된 이 입자의 존재를 처음 인식한 사람으로 소개한다. 그는 이 생각의 발표를 약 3년간 미뤘고, 중성미자는 1956년 클라이드 코원과 프레더릭 라이네스가 검출했다.
파울리는 전자 스핀을 수학적으로 기술한 '파울리 행렬'을 내놓았는데, 한 서평자는 이를 물리학과 학부생이라면 누구나 안다고 말한다. 또 스핀과 통계의 관계를 증명해 양자장론을 공고히 했다. 학생 시절에는 아인슈타인이 서평에서 극찬한 상대성이론 해설서를 썼고, 1928년부터는 취리히 연방공과대학(ETH)에서 세계적인 이론물리학 연구 중심지의 하나를 일구었다.
삶의 장면들
1930년 12월 파울리는 중성미자 아이디어를 학술지가 아니라 튀빙겐에 모인 실험물리학자들에게 보내는 편지로 알렸다. 그는 이 생각에 대해 아직은 감히 아무것도 발표하지 못하겠다고 쓰고, 자신의 해결책이 '거의 있을 법하지 않아 보일 수 있다'고 인정하며 그들에게 '면밀히 살펴보고 판단해 달라'고 청했다. 이 추측이 인쇄물로 나오기까지는 약 3년이 더 걸렸다.
아직 다듬어지지 않은 생각을 다른 이들이 검토해 보기 전에는 내놓지 않으려 한 이론가의 모습과 일치하지만, 이 편지는 파울리 자신의 서술이며 3년의 지연은 서평자의 해석이다. 완벽주의
1957년 1월 17일 파울리는 '신이 약한 왼손잡이라고는 믿지 않는다'며, 베타 붕괴 실험이 전자의 대칭적인 각분포를 보여 줄 것이라는 쪽에 큰돈을 걸 용의가 있다고 썼다. 그 뒤 존 블랫이 '패리티의 급작스러운 죽음'을 알리는 편지를 보냈고, 1월 19일 파울리는 우젠슝에게 그 비대칭이 '경험적으로 아주 확립되어 있다'고 썼으며, 1월 27~28일에는 빅터 바이스코프에게 충격을 받았다고 하면서 이미 대칭을 되살릴 방법을 궁리하고 있었다.
확고한 기대를 품고 있었지만 며칠 만에 실험 결과를 받아들인 이론가의 모습과 일치하지만, 그는 이후에도 대칭을 되살릴 방법을 찾았고, 이 기록은 한 학자가 그의 편지를 읽은 해석에 의존한다. 입장 수정 성향
전환점
1928년 4월 말 취리히 연방공과대학(ETH) 교수직을 맡기 전, 파울리는 조교를 두는 것을 조건으로 내걸고 랄프 크로니히에게 그 일이 '내가 무슨 말을 할 때마다 상세한 논거로 반박하는 것'이며 현대적인 착상으로 학문 활동에 활기를 불어넣는 것이라고 편지를 썼다. 그는 취리히에서 세계적인 이론물리학 연구 중심지의 하나를 일구었고, 1950년대 초의 한 대학원생은 한 콜로키움에서 그가 강하게 반박하는 것을 직접 보았다고 회상했다.
의견 충돌을 작업 환경에 아예 심어 둔 물리학자의 모습과 일치하지만, 그는 일부 청중이 위축될 만큼 날카롭게 반박하는 것으로도 알려져 있었다. 갈등 감내
비슷한 인물
전체적인 프로필이 이 사람과 닮은 사람들이에요.
출처
- Wolfgang Pauli (Q65989) -- verified live via the Wikidata API (2026-10-16): English label 'Wolfgang Pauli', description 'physicist, Nobel prize winner (1900-1958)', Korean label present, instance of human, born 25 April 1900 (Vienna), died 15 December 1958, citizenship United States, Switzerland and Austria. Orientation only; not used as support for any row.
- Nobel Foundation (NobelPrize.org), 'Wolfgang Pauli - Facts' and 'Wolfgang Pauli - Biographical', Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 (the biographical text is from Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962, Elsevier, 1964) -- CANONICAL SIGNIFICANCE SOURCE: the prize motivation 'for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle'; the Foundation's summary that in 1925 he introduced two new quantum numbers and formulated the principle that no two electrons in an atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers (later found to apply to the particles of the nucleus too); and its biography, which names his student-age exposition of relativity, the exclusion principle, his being 'the first to recognize the existence of the neutrino', his part in the foundations of quantum field theory, his proof of the relation between spin and statistics, his Handbuch der Physik articles and his Zürich chair. Award-body prose, admiring by genre and silent on conduct. Read in full.
- Karl von Meyenn, 'Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst Friedrich', Neue Deutsche Biographie 20 (2001), pp. 118-121 (online at Deutsche Biographie) -- a scholarly biographical-dictionary entry, in German, by the editor of Pauli's collected correspondence: his early prominence (a relativity paper in 1918 and a widely praised survey in 1921), his posts under Born, Lenz and Bohr, the exclusion principle, his deliberate renunciation of model pictures that experience could not test, his matrix-mechanical calculation of the hydrogen atom and the Pauli matrices, the neutrino postulate and its detection by Cowan and Reines in 1956, his ETH Zürich chair from 1928 where he built one of the world's most important centres of theoretical physics, his students, and the remark that he communicated many results only orally or by letter. Independent scholarly biography; its sentences on his marriage and on Jung were not used. Read the whole biographical text.
- Domenico Giulini (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Albert Einstein Institute), 'Concepts of Symmetry in the Work of Wolfgang Pauli', arXiv:0802.4341, 29 February 2008 (a talk at the conference 'Wolfgang Pauli's Philosophical Ideas and Contemporary Science', Monte Verita, May 2007) -- a physicist-historian's survey of Pauli's work through the idea of symmetry, quoting his letters from the published correspondence and the editors of his collected papers (Kronig and Weisskopf: his works are distinguished by mathematical rigour and 'a thorough and honest appraisal of the validity of assumptions and conclusions', he tried 'by example and sharp criticism' to keep a high standard in others' work and was often called the living conscience of theoretical physicists); the January-February 1957 episodes in which he offered to bet that parity would be conserved, learned of the Wu experiment and reacted in letters to Wu and Weisskopf; and his sharply mocking reply to Markus Fierz, which he essentially conceded within about a week. Independent scholarly secondary source with Pauli's own letters as quoted self evidence; the paper's passages giving Pauli's own psychological explanation of that quarrel were not used, and its mathematical sections were searched by keyword only. Read the introduction, the parity passages and the Fierz exchange in full.
- Valentine Telegdi, review of Charles P. Enz, 'No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli' (Oxford University Press, 2002), Physics Today, November 2003, p. 67 -- a review by a physicist who knew Pauli (Pauli was the external examiner of Telegdi's Zürich thesis and they stayed in close touch): Pauli as child prodigy, 'acerbic but much sought critic by age 20' and signer of letters as 'the scourge of God'; his roughly 2,600 published letters; the exclusion principle, the path from 'neutron' to neutrino and his ultimate rejection of a non-abelian gauge theory; the breadth shown by his last paper. Independent peer witness reviewing a biography by Pauli's last assistant. The review's passages on his mother, his marriages, depression and analysis by Jung, and on ETH's wartime handling of his appointment and naturalisation, were not used (private life, psychology and administrative politics, all unscored). Read in full.
- Ian Aitchison (Professor of Physics, University of Oxford), 'Foolish child won greatest praise' (review of Enz's 'No Time to Be Brief'), Times Higher Education, 30 May 2003 -- a physicist's review: the genesis of the exclusion principle (the 'two-valuedness', Stoner's shell numbers, Pauli's admission that he could not give a reason for the rule and his Nobel-lecture regret over 'the shadow of some incompleteness'), Einstein's nomination, the 'sharpness' of his critical judgements of nearly all his distinguished contemporaries ('the conscience and criterion of truth' and 'God's scourge'), his brushing aside of Kronig's spin idea in 1925 and his provision of the Pauli matrices two years later, the December 1930 letter and the three years before the neutrino appeared in print, and its detection in 1956. Independent scholarly review; its passages on his marriage, his mother, analysis by Jung and a remark about 'the crisis of my life' were not used. Read in full.
- Horst Meyer (Duke University), 'Reminiscence of Wolfgang Pauli', letter to Physics Today, 1 June 2004 -- a physicist's eyewitness memory of Zürich in 1949-53, when he was a graduate student: Pauli usually sat in the first row at the ETH physics colloquia, Meyer 'witnessed his strong objections' during a colloquium by Ralph Kronig and Pauli's approving nods during one by Victor Weisskopf, and was relieved that Pauli did not shake his head, criticise him or walk out during his own two colloquia. A short first-hand recollection (about 250 words), with an admiring-and-wary tone; its remarks about Pauli's father were not used. Read in full.
- CERN Archives (archives.web.cern.ch), page on Pauli's appointment in Zürich, with a photograph of Ralph Kronig (from the holdings of the Wolfgang Pauli Archive at CERN) -- states that Pauli took up his ETH chair at the end of April 1928, that before accepting it he insisted on the appointment of an assistant, and quotes his letter of 22 November to Kronig: the task would be 'Every time I say something, to contradict me with detailed arguments' and 'To animate somewhat the scientific activity with modern ideas'; it adds Kronig's later remark that the Zürich years were among the most instructive and exhilarating of his life. A short archive entry quoting Pauli's own letter (self evidence) and a colleague's recollection; the year of the letter is not stated on the page (it precedes April 1928). Read in full (two short paragraphs); the aside about ice cream was not used.
- Wolfgang Pauli, open letter 'Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen' to the radioactive group at the Tübingen meeting, Zürich, 4 December 1930 -- English translation by Kurt Riesselmann (Fermilab) of a machine-typed copy (the original is in the CERN Pauli Archive), as a PDF hosted by the mathematics department of the University of Utah: a 'desperate remedy' for the 'wrong' statistics of the N-14 and Li-6 nuclei and the continuous beta spectrum, namely an electrically neutral spin-1/2 particle that obeys the exclusion principle and is emitted with the electron so that the sum of their energies is constant; Pauli writes that so far he does not dare to publish anything about the idea, asks the experimentalists how likely it would be to find such a particle, admits his remedy 'may seem almost improbable' but says 'nothing ventured, nothing gained', and asks them to 'scrutinize and judge'. Primary document in his own words (self evidence, used only alongside the independent accounts above); the hosting page is a convenience copy, not the archive of record. Read in full.
- ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, 'Nutzungsbedingungen des Bildarchivs der ETH-Bibliothek' (terms of use of its E-Pics image archive) -- checked for the portrait's rights: images are either public domain (copyright expired, marked with the Public Domain Mark), licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 where the usage rights lie entirely with the ETH-Bibliothek (all uses allowed with credit, share-alike for changes), or of restricted use (not downloadable); the credit must give at least 'ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv'. The image's own E-Pics record (DOI 10.3932/ethz-a-000045505) is a JavaScript application whose text could not be retrieved. Not used for any scoring.
- Wikimedia Commons file page 'ETH-BIB-Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)-Portr 01042.tif' -- checked through the Commons API for the portrait's file and licence: uploaded on 22 February 2021 by the account ETH-Bibliothek as part of its cooperation with Wikimedia CH; photographer Bettina Katzenstein; date circa 1946; silver gelatin print, 12.5 x 18 cm; accession number ETH-Bibliothek_Portr_01042; source the E-Pics DOI above; 2556 x 3643 pixels; licence CC BY-SA 4.0. It is the photograph from which the image Wikidata uses for Pauli is extracted. Not used for any scoring.





